SPACE~! The Not so Final Frontier lol
Now here is how I did it step by step, but for examples sake....I will use an image 500x500 pixels high/wide.
First create your image and fill the space with solid black and press CTRL + SHIFT + N to add a new blank layer. Now select your brush tool and set the color to white, and brush size to 1 pixel and place a few dots randomly about like so...
Change your brush size to 2pixels and add a few more (slightly less dots as you move up in brush size), now 3 pixel and 4 pixel, keep in mind that there are more distant stars than near ones in the real universe, so the bigger the brush size, the less star dots you add.
Now from the drop down menu at the top of the screen Select Layer > Style > Outer Glow, and apply the settings like so:
Now click on Layer 1 so that you can add some effects to the Black backdrop you created at the beginning and from the Dropdown Menus select Filter > Render > Lens flare, set the Brightness level to 10% and place one of each type of Lens Flares in random positions on your background.
Once you are satisfied with it Press Ctrl + Shift + N once again to create the planet layer. Make sure this layer is at the top of your layers and select your "Elliptical Marquee" tool from your toolbar on the left. While holding SHIFT click and draw a large circle dead center in your image like so....
Now on your toolbar set both colors, one blue, one green, and from the Dropdown Menu select Filter > Render > Clouds.
Now again select Filter > Render > Difference Clouds. Now simply press Ctrl + F to repeat the difference clouds until you have a nice grainy mix of blue and green that is satisfactory to you.
Now from the dropdown menu select Filter > Distort > Sphereize, set it to 100% and click ok, sometimes a second sphereize looks better so press Ctrl + F to apply the sphereize filter again.
Now Press CTRL + SHIFT + N again to create another layer on top of your planet, and make sure you to leave your circle marquee, set your two colors as black & white and select Filter > Render > Clouds, and then Filter > Render > Difference clouds. Now spam Ctrl + F until you have a really rough grainy pattern of black and white on top of your planet layer like so.
Now before you Distort this layer, select your Ellipitcal Marquee tool again and make a small oval where-ever you like within the black and white cloud layer like this :
Now select Filter > Distort > Twirl and click ok, press Ctrl + F to repeat the filter until your satisfied with the results.
Now deselect the oval where you made your twirl, and pick the "Magic Wand" tool from your left toolbar, and click the empty space outside of the black and white cloud layer, & press CTRL + SHIFT + I to Inverse your selection.
Now simply select your "Smudge" Tool from your toolbar and smudge up your clouds like so.
Once again from your drop down menu select Filter > Distort > Sphereize and set it to 100% and click ok.
Now in the Layer Browser window apply Layer 4's settings like so.
If all was done correctly your image should look 'somewhat' like this:
Now select Layer 4 in the Layer Browser window and press Ctrl + E once to merge the layer down to create 1 layer from your planet and cloud layer, click on Layer 2 (where you created your stars) and do the same so that you only have 2 layers to work with.
Now select your Planet layer, and from the dropdown menu select Filter > Render > Lighting Effects and apply the settings like so.
Again this is one of those filters that sometimes looks better when applied twice, so press Ctrl + F to see if you like that better, your image should now look like this:
Now Layer > Style > Outer Glow from the dropdown menu once again, except this time set the color to a very light blue/green color, and apply the following settings:
NOW that my planet layer is done im going to move the planet around by selecting the arrow tool, and just clicking and dragging until im satisfied with the position in the image.
Now in the layer browser window click on Layer1 and press CTRL + SHIFT + N to add a layer between your planet and background layers. This step might seem a little weird but it usually has a nice effect. Select your two colors on your toolbar as LIME GREEN and BLACK, now in your new layer select Filter > Render > Clouds, and then Filter > Render > Difference Clouds, and press CTRL + F repeatedly until it looks real grainy.
Now set this layers Opacity to about 80% and then click on your eraser tool, set the eraser size somewhere between 100-300 with the faded edges, and erase portion of this green & black uglyness until your satisfied with the placement of the occasional green patches, *try not to make them too big because it is supposed to be a VERY subtle background effect. Now press CTRL + E to merge this layer down and make it a part of your stars/black background layer.
Now for the last step.
Press Ctrl + Shift + N to create a new layer, and move it to the very top of all of your layers. Paint it solid black and select Filter > Render > Lensflare, set the LensFlare brightness to 100% and place it in a spot that makes sense according to your planets lightning. Once again (like you did with the cloud layer) set the Layer mode to Lighten.
You can merge the layers together now if you like, but its not necessary as your image should be finished or near completion, just save and enjoy. ^^
ENJOY - James
P.S. - If you followed any of these tutorials and made something cool, I would like to see. :)